Guru Basava
Introduction to Guru Basava
Guru Basava, also known as Basavēśvara and Basavaṇṇa, was a 12th-century philosopher, visionary, social reformer, and statesman. He vehemently opposed the barriers of caste, creed, religion and gender, founding a society grounded in the principles of equality and fraternity. Guru Basava established Anubhava Mantapa where people from all walks of life could gather to discuss their experiences of Walk the Talk principles via introspection, debate and validation to become the first democracy in action. His doctrine led to the establishment of an egalitarian society and produced the Vachana literature as philosophical introspections.
To advance the Charity’s 21st-century operations and philosophy within Australia and globally, activities focus exclusively on secular engagement. The Charity strictly omits religious doctrine, practices, and comparisons from its operations to maintain neutrality and prevent discrimination.
Guru Basava emerged as a profound leader of the masses, embodying the ideals of enlightenment not through renunciation, but by fully engaging in the world. As a minister and a devoted family man, he seamlessly integrated his spiritual journey with his roles in governance, family life, and service to society. His life was a living testament to the belief that one can achieve enlightenment while fulfilling worldly responsibilities. By walking this path, he not only transformed himself but also inspired countless others to follow his example, showing that true spirituality lies in balancing duty, devotion, and compassion for all.
Guru Basava’s life and social contributions offer a living embodiment of the many dimensions of human responsibility, inspiring individuals to strive for equilibrium in their personal lives, society and the environment.
Historical Context
The 12th century was marked by unrest, with invasions and religious tensions prevalent. During this period in Karnataka, a group of philosopher-saint-poets endeavoured to build an egalitarian community. Guru Basava’s beliefs were a protest against the combined political and religious orthodoxies of the era, emerging from the Kannada-speaking regions of Southern India. The early history of this movement highlights how these new social orders, based on ritual equality, the sanctity of work, and universal ritual purity, attracted the attention of Hindu chieftains and kings. These rulers provided concrete support and royal patronage to thinkers like Guru Basava. Over the following generations, historical records indicate that these sects evolved into a broader social movement, the missionary zeal of its activists, and the enthusiasm of the lower castes for embracing a new way of life.
Early Life and Background
Guru Basava was born in Basavana Bagewadi in present-day Vijayapura district of Karnataka, traditionally dated to around 1131 CE, in Ingaleswara, Bagevad district of North Karnataka, India. His father Madarasa, was a learned and prominent member of the community and served as the head of the local agrahara, a settlement associated with learning and administration. His mother, Madalambike, was known for her devotion and strong spiritual values. She is remembered as a deeply devoted woman whose influence formed an important part of Basava’s early upbringing. As a young boy, he demonstrated a radical mind and a willingness to question practices that he did not find meaningful or just. These early experiences became an important foundation for the values, social thinking and transformative ideas that would shape his life. Guru Basava later served as the Chief Minister in the kingdom of the Kalachuri dynasty, yet he maintained a simple life, closely connected with common people.
Philosophical Beliefs and Teachings
Guru Basava believed in, preached, and practiced modern humanitarian principles such as compassion, fraternity, and democracy. He introduced the concept of self-realisation through one’s occupation, profession, or duties. He did not advocate for meditation in seclusion or renunciation of household life, nor did he support begging as a method to support a spiritual life. Guru Basava’s teachings contributed to democratic ideals by promoting a casteless and classless society based on socio-religious and economic equality for all, including both men and women, dignity of labour, and freedom of expression.
Social Reforms and Advocacy
Guru Basava emphasised the importance of self-purification, which challenged the dominance of priestly castes, and questioned the distinction between pure and impure work. By elevating the dignity of labour, he recognised the value of all forms of labour. Guru Basava condemned the caste system, the practice of animal sacrifice, and the oppression of women. He actively advocated for inter-caste marriages and communal dining.
Vachanas and Basava Philosophy
Guru Basava’s teachings, are through Vachanas, were notable for being written in the local language, making them more accessible to the people than traditional Sanskrit texts. The collection and adoption of Vachanas and the practice of Iṣṭaliṅga Shivayoga (meditation technique) together constitute the Basava philosophy. This philosophy promotes key concepts of Kāyaka (ಕಾಯಕವೇ ಕೈಲಾಸ) (selfless work), dignity of labour, and proves how selfless work to society helps in the upliftment of the individual personality. More information about the Vachanas is available here.
Anubhava Manatapa: A Centre for Spiritual Dialogue
A pivotal aspect of Guru Basava’s contributions to society was the establishment of the Anubhava Manatapa, a unique spiritual and philosophical assembly in the 12th century. This platform served as a forum for enlightened thinkers, including saints, poets, and scholars, and the general public to gather and engage in deep discussions on spiritual experiences and the essence of devotion. Guru Basava played a central role in this assembly, fostering an environment of inclusive dialogue that transcended caste and social barriers. The Anubhava Manatapa promoted the concept of experiential knowledge, encouraging individuals to share their personal insights and experiences of the divine. Through this initiative, Guru Basava not only championed the values of equality and mutual respect but also reinforced the idea that true spirituality lies in personal experience rather than ritualistic practices. His efforts in cultivating such a progressive space for dialogue significantly influenced the socio-religious landscape of Karnataka, paving the way for a more egalitarian society.
Legacy and Influence
Guru Basava was a transformative leader who played a pivotal role in shaping the principles of human rights, equality, and inclusiveness. He was a pioneer in promoting multiculturalism and social justice, championing the cause of the underprivileged and advocating for their education and empowerment. By encouraging people to embrace the dignity of labour and contribute to the welfare of society, Guru Basava laid the groundwork for progressive social reform. His visionary ideas not only challenged the status quo but also inspired generations to work toward a more just and equitable society, making his influence enduring and profound.
Guru Basava Photo
Dr. V. T. Kale, a distinguished artist and educator from Hunagunda, profoundly shaped Karnataka’s cultural landscape over a four-decade career. Following his education at the Sir J. J. School of Art, Mumbai, he nurtured emerging artists as a teacher and impacted the state’s art education system by directing art textbooks and serving as an examiner.
His most celebrated work is the iconic, government-endorsed, and widely revered portrait of the 12th-century philosopher Guru Basava, created despite an absence of historical records. With a portfolio exceeding 50,000 artworks, including sculptures at Sravana Belagola, Dr. Kale has left an enduring legacy in Indian art and Sharana philosophy.
Groundbreaking Visual First
Philosophy on a Page: Pledge and Prudence of Guru Basava
This artwork is a distinctive visual interpretation of Basava philosophy, bringing together the principles of Ashtavarana, the eight protective disciplines and Panchachara, the five codes of conduct, within a single interconnected composition.
The artwork presents a complete ecosystem in which the individual, society and the natural world are deeply interconnected. Elements of nature, including 3D flowers, the Earth, the sky and the ocean, become visual expressions of this relationship, illustrating how human life, social responsibility and the natural environment exist in a state of interdependence.
The composition also explores the many dimensions of Basava philosophy, including Kāyaka (meaningful and dignified work), Dāsōha, social responsibility, cosmic interconnectedness and our relationship with nature. Rather than viewing these ideas in isolation, the artwork brings them together as parts of a larger ecosystem of life, values and human responsibility.
This remarkable vision has been brought to life by Mrs Vigya Chourishi Gudi, an Indo-Australian artist from Atman Art, whose creative interpretation transforms these profound philosophical concepts into a contemporary visual experience.
Through art, wisdom becomes something we can see, explore and experience.
Journey to the Spiritual Heart of North Karnataka: Explore the Legacy of Guru Basava
For international tourists seeking a deep dive into India’s rich spiritual and cultural heritage, a visit to Guru Basava’s birthplace, Basavana Bagewadi in North Karnataka, is a must. Known as the cradle of Sharana philosophy, this serene town offers an immersive experience into the life and teachings of Guru Basava, a visionary leader and social reformer of the 12th century. Explore the historical sites where Guru Basava lived, worked as a minister, and transformed society through his revolutionary ideas on equality, spirituality, and community service. Surrounding this sacred region are stunning architectural marvels, ancient temples, and picturesque landscapes that provide a unique blend of spiritual enlightenment and cultural discovery offering both heritage and tranquillity, making it perfect for history enthusiasts and spiritual seekers alike. Visit North Karnataka to walk in the footsteps of a philosopher-king who shaped India’s legacy.
Sources
Chekki, Dan A. “The Spiritual Path of Devotion: The Vīraśaiva Perspective.” Anthropos, vol. 107, no. 2, Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, 2012, pp. 555-560.
Gopani, Chandraiah. “Democratizing Spiritual Sphere.” Caste: A Global Journal on Social Exclusion, vol. 4, no. 2, Brandeis University, Center for Global Development and Sustainability, Oct. 2023, pp. 319-335.
Leslie, Julia. “Understanding Basava: History, Hagiography and a Modern Kannada Drama.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, vol. 61, no. 2, 1998, pp. 228-261.
Sahasrabudhe, M.V. “Mahatma Basavesvara – A Social Reformer.” Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, vol. 40, Indian History Congress, 1979, pp. 221-226.
Venugopal, C. N. “Factor of Anti-Pollution in the Ideology of Lingayat Movement.” Sociological Bulletin, vol. 26, no. 2, Sage Publications, Ltd., Sept. 1977, pp. 227-241.